The present study was conducted to monitor the status of fertility management and its relationship with water productivity indices in olive groves of Tarom county, Zanjan province. For this purpose, 12 olive groves were randomly selected for a field study, considering various factors such as the type of irrigation system, nutrition management practices, and grove area. Relevant factors, including quantitative and qualitative characteristics of water and soil resources, fertilization program, irrigation management, crop yield, and ultimately the physical water productivity index, were determined in each grove. The results showed that the quality of water and soil resources in the surveyed olive groves was not subject to severe limitations and was in a relatively acceptable condition. However, nutrient management in most of the olive groves was not consistent with the results of soil quality analysis and soil fertilizer requirements. The mean water consumption and crop yield were estimated at 10,032 m³ ha⁻¹ and 5.7 t ha⁻¹, respectively, and the mean physical water use productivity index was 0.91 kg m⁻³. The olive yield in the study area was relatively acceptable compared with the national average, whereas the amount of water consumption was higher than the crop water requirement. The high water consumption was attributed to the use of traditional irrigation systems. Continuous monitoring of soil quality in olive groves, followed by the implementation of proper and complete nutrient management along with appropriate irrigation methods, will lead to improved production and productivity.